Interception

Forced breaks of 5, 10, or 15 seconds reduced retaliatory sound-blast intensity on high-negative-affect trials. With immediate responding, negative expression predicted aggression (r = .33); during a break, the association was approximately zero (r = .01).

One week after exposure, the affect-labeling group showed a larger decrease in skin-conductance response than reappraisal, distraction, or exposure alone (pairwise d = 0.64–0.85). Self-reported fear did not differ between groups.

Labeling reduced distress for high-intensity negative images, but in the second experiment increased distress for low-intensity images (strategy × intensity partial η² = .23). Immediate versus delayed labeling did not reliably change the effect.

Under immersed reflection, recalled anger impaired learning to avoid disadvantageous choices relative to fear. The anger-specific disadvantage was attenuated under self-distancing in both experiments.

Momentary decentering and affect were mutually reinforcing over time. Greater decentering was associated with less persistence of negative affect and dysphoria, while several prospective results were mixed.

After cigarette-cue exposure, a 15-minute mindfulness exercise did not improve Go/NoGo accuracy or reaction time versus usual coping. The craving difference was trend-level, not significant; a neural difference appeared without demonstrated behavioral benefit.

During reappraisal, right ventrolateral prefrontal activity related to reported emotion change through separable amygdala and nucleus-accumbens pathways; the modeled pathways jointly explained roughly half the variance in self-reported affect change.

HeartSteps walking suggestions increased near-term activity by about 24% (about 59 steps; p = .02) on average, while the effect declined across the six-week study.